Web Hosting by Netfirms | Free Domain Names by Netfirms

The Little Shop
of Horrors

Hiking and Camping

Due to the possibility of personal error, typographical error, misinterpretation of information, insanity, and the many changes due to people or nature, "Hiking and Camping," its website, its host: Netfirms.com, and all other persons directly or indirectly associated with this web-page, assume no responsibility for accidents, injury, insanity, or any losses by and\or of individuals or groups using this web-page.

In rough terrain and hazardous areas, all persons are advised to be aware of possible changes due to people or nature that occur along trails and roads.

Do not under any circumstance, enter old abandoned mines or shafts and always be cautious when exploring the surrounding regions. There are often hidden tunnels, rotted ground, and pits, as well as rusty nails, broken glass, and discarded chemicals; all of which create a potential hazard. If you enter abandoned mines or shafts, the ceilings and walls will probably cave-in on you. Count on it.

Land status changes frequently and land ownership information should be available at County Recorders' offices:

     Hidalgo County Clerk
     Second Floor, Hidlago County Court House
     300 South Shakespeare Street
     Lordsburg, New Mexico  88045-1939

     Telephone:  505-542-9213

Maps showing land ownership are sold by the Bureau of Land Management :

     Las Cruces District Office
     Bureau of Land Management
     1800 Marquess Street
     Las Cruces, NM  88005-3370 
     
     Telephone:  505-525-4300 and 505-525-4391
     Facimile:   505-525-4412

     and

     Safford Field Office
     Bureau of Land Management
     711 - 14th Avenue, Suite A
     Safford, AZ 85546-3337

     Telephone:  928-348-4400
     Facimile:   928-348-4450

Much of New Mexico's public land is intermingled with privately owned land. The landowners' rights include control of access across private land, including streambeds, unless access is by public road. If private land blocks access to public land, you must seek another access or receive landowner permission to cross.

On State Lands you may:

     1.  Have access to State Trust Lands (lands administrated
         by the Commissioner of Public Lands and granted to the
         state of New Mexico from the Federal Government for
         the economic support of public institutions such as
         public schools and universities), provided that such
         access is by public road, public trail, or public
         land and in some situations, roads that are on State
         Trust Land.

     2.  Camp with the agricultural lessees' permission
         unless otherwise authorized by the Commissioner of
         Public Lands.

You must:

     1.  Respect other uses, such as surface or mineral leases.
     2.  Drive only on established roads.
     3.  Close gates.
     4.  Pack out trash.

You must not:

     1.  Use private roads or cross private lands without
         prior written permission of the owner.

     2.  Remove wood and\or gravel or conduct other
         commercial or personal activities.

     3.  Harass or injure livestock or wildlife or damage
         private property such as dwellings or range
         improvements.

Camping, parking, travel, fire, burro, and pet restrictions apply to Department of State Game Commission lands. Check for rules that may be posted in each area. Trash barrels will not be provided and trash must be taken away when leaving.

     B.  Criminal trespass consists of knowlngly entering or
         remaining upon posted private property without
         possessing written permission from the owner or person
         in control of the land.

         The provisions of this subsection do not apply if:

         1.  The owner or person in control of the land
             has entered into an agreement with the
             Department of Game and Fish granting access
             to the land to the general public for the
             purpose of taking any game animals, birds or
             fish by hunting or fishing; or

         2.  A person is in possession of a landowner's
             authorization given to him by the owner or
             person in control of the land that grants access
             to that particular private land for the purpose
             of taking any game animals, birds or fish by
             hunting or fishing.

     L.  Criminal trespass also consists of knowingly entering
         or remaining upon the unposted lands of another knowing
         that such consent to enter or remain is denied or
         withdrawn by the owner or occupant thereof.  Notice of
         no consent to enter shall be deemed sufficient notice
         to the public and evidence to the courts, by the
         posting of the fenced property at all vehicular access
         entries.

     F.  Criminal trespass also consists of knowingly entering
         or remaining upon lands owned, operated or controlled
         by the state or any of its political subdivisions
         knowing that consent to enter or remain is denied or
         withdrawn by the custodian thereof.

It is illegal to knowingly remove, tamper with, or destroy any "No Trespassing" signs. It is also unlawful to post or otherwise restrict lawful uses of public land.

It is illegal to us motor-driven vehicles on any roads or areas closed to vehicular traffic under agreements executed under the Habitat Protection Act or other state or federal regulations, including anywhere within the boundaries of any designated United States (U.S) Forest Service or Bureau of Land Management Wilderness Areas (designated wilderness areas are roadless areas where no vehicles are allowed). Vehicle use in other areas, including Wilderness Study Areas, is limited to protect natural resources. In addition, the US Forest Service has closed to vehicular travel various roads in national forests to protect natural resources. The US Forest Service and BLM may close some roads seasonally. Their local offices will be able to assist you. Vehicles may not be taken off-road within Wilderness Study Areas. Currently, off-road vehicle travel, for any reason, is not permitted in the Lincoln and portions of other National Forests. You may not take vehicles more than 100 yards off established roads in areas protected under the Habitat Protection Act as posted.

Vehicular travel is limited on the ES Barker, Colin Neblett (Cimarron Canyon),and Urraca wildlife areas in (State of New Mexico) Units 54 and 55; on the Sargent, Humphries, and Rio Chama wildlife areas in Unit 4; and on the Marquez and Water Canyon areas in Unit 9. Closed roads are conspiciously posted.

BLM lands in Luna, Hidalgo, Dona Ana, and Grant counties are closed to all off-road travel. All surface-disturbing activities are prohibited without written prior authorization from local BLM offices.

It is illegal to park any motor vehicle or camp within 300 yards of any man-made water hole, water well, or watering tank used by wildlife or domestic stock without prior consent of the private landowner, private land lessee, or public land management agency.

Obey all postings and know the regulations of the appropriate land managemnt agency.

The right of entry to New Mexico state land is assumed if access is available by public road (defined in Section 67-2-1 NMSA 1978) or across other public lands or trails. If you are denied access, call the nearest State Land Office District Resource Manager, giving complete details, including location, date, time, and the name(s) of the person(s) denying access. The State Land Office number in Santa Fe is 505-827-5760.

Wolves are protected by the Federal Endangered Species Act and the New Mexico Wildlife Conservation Act.

Under these acts you may:

     1.  Harass a wolf without injuring it, provided you report
         it within seven days.

     2.  Kill, injure, or harass a wolf in defense of human
         life, but you must report it within 24 hours.

You may not legally do the following:

     1.  Kill or injure a wolf because it is near you or your
         property.

     2.  Kill or injure a wolf if it attacks your pet.

     3.  Enter posted closures around release pens, active dens,
         and rendezvous sites.

     4.  Shoot a wolf because you thought it was a coyote or
         anything else.

It is illegal to:

     1.  Litter or pollute any waters or the banks of any
         waters.

     2.  Leave a campfire burning and unattended.

Collecting minerals, gemstones, rocks, Indian artifacts, petrified wood, and vertebrate fossils is never allowed in National Forests, National Historic sites, National Conservation Areas, National Monuments, National Parks, or New Mexico State Parks, except in the case of the Rockhound State Park. The collecting of Indian artifacts and\or vertebrate fossils in New Mexico is allowed only on private land and then, only with written permission of the land owner.

Leave all gates as you find them, open or closed, in spite of any signs on the gates or fences. Ranchers with grazing permits sometimes leave gates open so that their cattle have a shorter route to water and\or will graze certain areas. It's their call. However, if a gate is open and laying on the ground, next to or in the road, the gate should probably be closed.

The following equipment should be in your back pack:

  I.  Bottle opener, beer          VI.  Food, days - 4
 II.  Bottle opener, wine         VII.  Shoe laces
III.  Belt pack (if not on belt) VIII.  Shirt, wool long
                                        sleeved
      B.  Shaving brush            IX.  Socks, wool
      L.  Soap, floating bar        X.  Sun-block
      F.  Nail clipper             XI.  Spoon, table
      S.  Note pad, small         XII.  Tampons
      N.  Dental floss           XIII.  Tarp with rope
      H.  Tooth brush             XIV.  Canteens, gallon - 1
      D.  Tooth paste, fluoride         for each dog
      T.  Tweezers                 XV.  Can opener
      C.  Mirror                  XVI.  Condoms
      Q.  Razor                  XVII.  Cup, stainless steel
      M.  Razor blades          XVIII.  Maps
      G.  Eye glasses, shaded     XIX.  Moisturizer, skin
      ~.  Eye glasses strap        XX.  Gloves, insulated
      &.  Eye glasses cases - 2         leather work
      R.  Pens - 2                XXI.  Anti-fungal cream
                                 XXII.  Anti-itch cream
 IV.  Lip-balm with sun-block   XXIII.  Insect repellent
  V.  Fork                       XXIV.  Pain-reliever

Put the above items into Ziplock Freezer Bags to protect them from the rain and bodies of water.

---------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

                         The Back-pack
                         -------------


     1.  a heavy-duty pack-frame (external frame) supported
         by padded straps from the shoulders and with a
         padded hip belt that can transfer as much as 75%
         (percent) of the weight from the shoulders to the
         hip area or with a waist strap.

     2.  a heavy-duty detachable full-length (of the
         pack-frame), undivided (no external compartments
         and no internal sections) pack-bag.  External
         pockets are optional.

     3.  Camp Trails

     4.  REI

     5.  Adventure 16

     6.  JanSport

     7.  Kelty

"We [the Brainless people (Basso, 1993, pp. 110 and 308, n. 33) - Western Apaches: Ndee = Dead-People by 1883 Current Era (C.E.)

      1.  Ned-ne
      2.  In-ned-ne
      3.  In-ned-e
      4.  In-net-e
      5.  In-deh

and Ndaa' = Alive-People before 1883 C.E.]

      1.  In-ned-na
      2.  In-ned-a
      3.  In-net-a
      4.  In-dah]

carried packs on our backs with our food in them..."

"They used to notify eight or ten men who wanted to go to raid in Mexico, to get ready...When they had everything finished - each man for himself - then they made up their packs with the rawhide and buckskin and mescal and dry seeds."

"We used to pack mescal on our backs, also buckskin sacks filled with ground corn...Also we had ground berries in buckskin sacks.

"The [Brainless People (Western Ndaa' (Alive-People) and Ndee (Dead-People))] men all have a bag in which they pack food, but the boy-novice [Sanbitigize (Old-woman The-other-side:

     During certain periods of Ndaa' and Ndee history,
     very few men lived to old-age

and\or Old-Age-Beckoning-to-Him] carried nothing but a bow and four arrows."

(Basso, 1993, pp. 45, 256, and 292)

"We kept a supply of food in our rations bags all the time. Suspended from our belts was a buckskin thong with a small bag at each end. One bag contained dried venison, and the other usually contained mescal or mesquite bean. Even the smallest child wore his at all times - even while sleeping - and all were required to check and resupply their rations every day." (Ball, 1980, p. 92)

"Although few Seminole

     1.  Wild People
     2.  Maskoki
     3.  Muskogee
     4.  Miccosukee
     5.  Mikasuki

men could approach Chief [Tustenuggee (War Chief) Thlacko (Head)] Osceola

      1.  Hassee Ola
      2.  As-se-se-he-ho-lar
      3.  Asseola
      4.  As-see-a-hala
      5.  As-sin Yaholo
      6.  Assiola
      7.  Assyn-ya-hola
      8.  Asi (Black Drink) Yaholo (Singer)
      9.  Ossen Yaholah
     10.  Os-cin-ye-hola
     11.  Oseola
     12.  Oceola
     13.  Usso Yaholo
     14.  Yose-ya-hola

[of the Red-Stick Upper-Creek (Muskogee) Tallassee Seminole ] in endurance, notable stamina was not unusual among the Florida Indians. It was still sufficiently impressive to cause comment in later years. Clay MacCauley, writing in the 1880s, told of seeing a slight [ Muskogee and\or Mikasuki ] Seminole boy of ten leave camp in the morning to hunt with a heavy Kentucky rifle. He was back at sunset with fifty pounds of venison he had carried many miles along with his rifle." (Hartley and Hartley, 1973, p.?)

According to former Royal Japanese Army Second Lieutenant Onoda (1999, p. ?), your loaded back-pack can weigh as much as half of your body weight during a long haul. However, children and new hikers should never carry more than one fifth (1/5) of their body weight and I prefer to carry less than one fifth (about 30 pounds).

---------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------


When and How Far to Hike
----------------------------------

"The same boy astonished MacCauley by covering 40 miles in a day just to visit his home. As recently as 1930, Muskogee and\or Mikasuki in the Everglades would hike from their villages to Miami[, Florida] or Everglades City[, Florida], making a round trip of as much as 60 miles between dawn and dark." (Hartley and Hartley, 1973, p. ?)

"As proof with what rapidity the Mexican

     1.  Naid-Le'e = Spanish People and\or People Who-were

     2.  Naid-Lehi = Spanish People and\or People Who-were

     3.  Nacai-Ye  = Spanish People, Mexican People,
                     and\or People-From-Cloth

     note:  the letter h immediately between two vowels
            usually represents a glottal stop as does
            an apostrophe:  ' and sometimes the letter
            k

infantry can cover the ground when an enemy is in pursuit, it is a fact that [Naidlehe (Nacai-Ye) Army Colonel] Tanori [an Opatah Indian Chief], with over six hundred men, mostly infantry, made the march from Santa Cruz[, Sonora , Mexico ] to Imurez[, Sonora , Mexico ], a distance of 43 miles, in the space of nine hours. He left Santa Cruz[, Sonora , Mexico ] at five o'clock in the morning, and I subsequently learned that he conversed with the party from whom I received my information, in the town of Imurez [, Sonora , Mexico ], at two o'clock in the afternoon of the same day. About three hundred of his men were there with him at the time mentioned." (Cremony, 1868, p. ?)

"We [(the Brainless People)] are going a long way [into Mexico ], and we will be gone for 59 days [on a (Raid) or (To-Search-Out-Enemy-Property)]."

"When they [(the Brainless People) of the Dziltadn (the Cibicue, Arizona clann)] left they said to us that they would be back in 40 days [from a (War) or (To-Take-Death-From-an-Ememy) at Tuscon, Arizona]. `If we kill some "White People" [Gringos]

      1.  Los Goddammies

      2.  Ndaa' (the Alive-People when the
          Apaches became the Ndee (Dead-People))

      3.  Nancin (Other Peoples
          and\or Other Nations)

      4.  Nange' nnee (Other Peoples
          and\or Other Nations)

      5.  Anglos

      6.  Americans

      7.  Pale Eyes

      8.  White Devils

      9.  White Men

     10.  White Eyes

     11.  White People

before that time, we will be back before 40 days."

"`We [(the Brainless People) of (the San Carlos, Arizona clan), the Dziltadn (clann), the Arivaipa Ndee tribe, and the Pinal Ndee tribe] will be gone for 20 days, but if we kill some Nancin before that time we will be back before that,' they said."

"When the [Brainless People] men were ready to go they picked out two old men who were going to stay at home. Then they gave these two old men the number of days they would be gone. They might say 40 or 30 days."

"They [(the Brainless People)] usually allowed about 30 to 45 days to be gone [during a (To-Take-Death-From-an-Enemy)], and would tell their people when they expected to be back."

"When they [(the Brainless People)] got down into Mexico , they would make camp on some big, rocky mountain where it was safe. In this camp the boys and older men of the [(To-Take-Death-From-an-Enemy)] party were left."

"The other men went out from here to near some Naidlehe town. They would go to the town and steal the stock that was in the pastures, as they knew this would be gentle stuff and what they wanted. When they got the stock, they would drive it back to where the others were waiting for them in the mountain camp. This way they were usually away three days."

"Now they would talk and say, `Here we have what we came for - lots of horses and mules - so we might as well go back,' so they would all start back, traveling always at night and never sleeping until they got out of the Nekaiye? country. Then they would travel slower."

"The times [(the Brainless People) (To-Take-Death-From-an-Enemy) and\or (To-Search-Out-Enemy-Property)] parties used to pick to go to Mexico were in the spring and in August and in the fall. At these times there were lots of water...When they got down into Mexico they used to wait for the moon to get nearly full before they captured the [Nekaiye?] stock. This was so they could travel at night."

"In the old times they [(the Brainless People)] used to figure on getting to the enemy country when the moon was full. They would set the time so that they would arrive there just about the day that the moon would come up in the evening - full."

"Also when [the Sanbitigise] leaves [on a To-search-out-enemy-property] they tell him to come back in 30 days, so the boy has to say, "I will come back in 30 days."

(Basso, 1993, pp. 45, 75, 78, 250, 260, 261, and 292)

"The rate of speed attained by the Ndee in marching is about an even four miles an hour on foot, or not quite fast enough to make a horse trot. They keep this up for about 15 miles, at the end of which distance, if water be encountred and no enemy be sighted, they congregate in bands of from 10 to 15 each, hide in some convenient ravine, sit down, smoke cigarettes, chat and joke, and stretch out in the sunlight, basking like the Negroes of the South."

"These Indian scouts will march 35 or 40 miles in a day on foot, crossing wide stretches of waterless plains upon which a tropical sun beats down with fierceness, or climbing up the faces of precipitous mountains which stretch across this region in every direction."

"It [`the army of the United States'] may be brave and well disciplined, but its members cannot tramp or ride, as the case may be, from 40 to 75 miles in a day, without water, under a burning sun."

"This conversation was broken by the sudden arrival of an Ned-ne runner, who had come six miles over the mountains in less than an hour."

"He [Geronimo Godhaa'Le = He-Is-Wise-Let-it-be-so]

     1.  Go-ya'thla
     2.  Go-ya-cla
     3.  Golth'la

     note:  the letter c sometimes
            represents a glottal stop

and his warriors were certainly as fine-looking a lot of pirates as ever cut a throat or scuttled a ship; not one among them who was not able to travel 40 to 50 miles a day over these gloomy precipices and along these gloomy canons."

(Bourke, 1958, pp. 42, 45, 46, 51, 52, 91, and 102)

"In the morning (in about 1860) we [Godhaa'Le (Geronimo) and other BiDa-Nd-Cho'I = The Front-edge-Place People and\or The People At-the-Front-at-the-End Place:

           1.  Badih = Front-edge = the Gila river

           2.  Bida  = Front-edge = the Gila river

           3.  Bidah = Front-edge = the Gila river

           4.  Badih-Dan'ohe

           5.  Bida-Nd-cho'i

           6.  Bida-nd-ko-hi

           7.  Bida-ndee-cho'i

           8.  Bida-Ndee-Ko-hi

           9.  Bidah Dan'ohe

          10.  Bidoncho'i

          11.  DaNCho'I = The Bad Ones and\or
                          The Evil Ones

          17.  the Bronze Ned-ne

          18.  the Gila In-ned-ne

          19.  the Gileno In-ned-e

          notes:  He  = The (a nominalizer)

                  Hi  = The (a nominalizer)

                  I   = The (a nominalizer)

                  Cho = Place

                  Ko  = Place

warriors] observed a company of Naid-Le'e troops coming from the South [of a village near the Sierra Madre Mountains in Mexico]. They were mounted and carried supplies for a long journey. We followed [on foot; "In the summer of 1865, with four warriors, I went again into Mexico. Heretofore we had gone on foot"...] their trail until we were sure that they were headed for our range in Arizona; then we hurried past them and in three days reached our own settlement. We arrived about noon, and that afternoon, about three o'clock, these Naid-Lehi troops attacked our settlement."

(Barrett, 1973, pp. 57, 58, and 77)

"We usually marched about 14 hours per day, making
three stops for meals, and travelling 40 to 45 miles a day ."
(Barrett, 1973, p. 50)
---------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------


Camping
-----------

In addition to the preceeding hiking equipment, you'll need at your camp:

     1.  Loincloth, linen and\or cotton.  It can be worn
         underneath a Breacan-an-feileadh, Feileadh Beag,
         and\or tunic, for modesty and\or by itself.  It
         should be about the height of the wearer in length
         and and the circumference of the waist of the
         wearer or 6 inches less, in width.  It is twisted
         once between the wearer's legs when worn.

     2.  Leggings, linen and\or cotton.

     3.  Breacan-an-fheilidh (Tartan Wrap), wool - 2

         The original garb of the Albannach (Scottish
         Highlanders) and the Qruithinnach (in Scotland,
         The Picts).  It formed the chief part of their
         costume.  It consists of a plain piece of wool
         tartan (plaid) the same as the height of the
         wearer in width and anywhere from two to three
         times the wearer's height in length.  (Dwelly,
         1994, pp. 117-188 and illustration 70)

         For a person six feet tall, such as myself, a
         classical Breacan-an-feilidh for the winter is 6
         feet wide by 18 feet long.  It folds into three
         layers, each about 6 feet long.  When sleeping,
         this provides one layer underneath me and two
         layers on top.

         Two layers of wool Breacan-an-fheilidh on top
         of you will keep you completely dry when sleeping
         in wet weather and are as warm in the coldest
         weather as are more layers.  But in freezing
         cold weather, no matter how many layers you
         sleep underneath, your thighs need to be wrapped
         in separate fabric such as in leggings, a kilt, a
         long shirt, a tunic, or a small thin cotton, silk,
         or silk plaid as shown in some paintings of
         Scottish Highlanders around 1845 C.E.  (Urquhart,
         1994, pp. 19).


         The Albannach and Qruithinnich wore Leineachan
         (Linens) Croich (Saffron) (saffron coloured shirts
         and\or tunics) that had as much as 30 feet of
         linen sewn into pleats around the wearer's waist
         that hung down to the knees.  They also wore
         tunics without pleats, but of ample width,
         underneath the Breacan-an-fheilidh.  A Leine
         Croich worn underneath a Breacan-an-fheilidh,
         while sleeping, kept the wearer's thighs wrapped
         while lying down and thereby, warm enough to
         sleep.  However, linen and cotton, unlike wool,
         soak up water and a leather or a wool tunic
         underneath a Breacan-an-fheilidh while sleeping
         are much better choices in cold, wet weather,
         since there's always the possibility of being
         soaked by rain during the day, before crawling
         under a Breacan-an-feilidh and also, when
         getting up during the night to check on those
         noisy wolves.

         Since wool fabric shrinks by as much as 25% from
         it's original width and length, after repeated
         washings and dryings, there would be too much
         fabric to wear if one were to wear enough new
         fabric to compensate for future shrinking.  So,
         after about three years, expect your 18 foot
         winter Breacan-an-feilidh to provide only two
         layers.

         A Breacan-an-feilidh for the summer for a 6 foot
         tall wearer will be 12 feet (two times the
         wearer's height) in length when new.  It'll be
         cooler to wear in hot weather and shrink down to
         about 8 feet after several years.  This'll provide
         one layer on top in hot weather.  In winter it
         will provide the missing third bottom layer, for
         the old shrunken winter Breacan-an-feilidh.
         Either size Breacan-an-feilidh can be worn over
         one shoulder and under the other arm, bandolier
         fashion when wearing the other Breacan-an-feilidh.

         In dressing, the Breacan-an-feilidh is laid on the
         ground and the length that is two to three times
         the wearer's height, is carefully plaited-in,
         suitable to the circumference of the wearer's
         waist, sufficient to extend from one side around
         her or his back to the other side leaving about 13
         inches unplaited on each end to be overlapped in
         front of the wearer when they lie down on their
         back on top of it.

         FIRST, a leather belt is put through belt loops
         (keepers) that have been sewn onto one side of the
         Breacan-an-fheilidh, at waist level.  The first
         belt loop is sewn next to one of the 6 foot
         hemmed edges and the other belt loops are sewn
         roughly equal-distance from each other at waist
         level, across the 12 to 18 foot length of the
         Breacan-an-fheilidh, to about 13 inches from the
         opposite 6 foot hemmed width of the
         Breacan-an-fheilidh, so that the bottom un-hemmed
         12 to 18 foot long selvage, hangs about four
         inches below the wearer's knees (about 26 inches
         from the selvage up to the top of the belt loops
         at my front and 27 inches at my back).  Having the
         bottom selvage hang down about four inches below
         the wearer's knees will allow for the wool fabric
         to shrink about as much as it can, without having
         to cut off and re-sew the belt loops higher up
         after washing and drying the Breacan-an-fheilidh
         many times.  One can also wear the it secured by
         the belt below the belt loops until the
         Breacan-an-feilidh has shrunk.  Another
         alternative is to have two sets of belt loops so
         that the higher set at 22\23 inches can be used
         until it has shrunk; at which time, the second
         set can be used.  
         
         Illustration 70, "Breacan singilte mu
         dhuine," on page 118 in FACLAIR GAIDHLIG GUBEURLA
         LE DEALBHAN (Dwelly, 1994), shows the
         Breacan-an-feilidh hanging down to the wearer's
         ankles.  So, wearing it below the knees is still
         traditional.  The hundreds of years old reports
         of Highlanders wearing very short
         Breacan-an-fheilidh indicate that those
         Breacan-an-fheilidh had belt loops (keepers) sewn
         on when they were new and that they later shrunk.

         For a faster arranging, just slip the belt through
         the belt-loops, hold the front 13-inch overlaps
         together where they're velcroed together (see
         below), step into the Breacan-an-fheilidh, pull it
         up around your waist, and then buckle the belt.
         This faster way is much more preferable in a heavy
         rain.

         SECOND, the now pleated Breacan-an-fheilidh is
         flipped over and laid on the ground so that the
         belt is underneath the Breacan-an-fheilidh and
         next to the ground.

         THIRD, the wearer lays down on her or his back on
         top of the Breacan-an-fheilidh - leaving as much of
         both 6 foot hemmed edges of the
         Breacan-an-fheilidh out from underneath the wearer
         on each side of the wearer, as will overlap and
         cover the front of the wearer's body below the
         wearer's waist (about 13 inches on each side).
         The Breacan-an-fheilidh being thus
         prepared, is firmly bound round the waist with the
         leather belt buckled in the middle of the 13-inch
         wide overlap at the front of the wearer's waist,
         in such a manner that the lower 12 to 18 foot,
         un-hemmed edge (selvedge), falls down to about
         the middle of the knees or to as much as four
         inches below the wearer's knees when she or he is
         standing.  Use velcro on each side of the 13-inch
         overlaps, at the waist, to keep them in place
         under the belt.

         FOURTH, the upper 12 to 18 foot selvage, at
         about six inches from its middle, toward the
         wearer's left shoulder, is brought up over the
         left shoulder from the back.  Two more places
         on the top selvage on side of the wearer's left
         shoulder are brought up over the left shoulder
         from the back.  Then all three places are
         fastened on the front of the left shoulder of
         the wearer's shirt or jacket with a large
         brooch or pin, so as to display to the best
         advantage the tastefulness of the arrangement,
         leaving about three feet of fabric from the end
         of the top selvage toward the wearer's left
         shoulder, to hang down over the left shoulder
         in back.  This requires a large brooch or pin.

         FINALLY, the upper 12 to 18 foot selvage toward
         the wearer's right shoulder, near the corner,
         is brought under the right arm and tucked
         underneath the belt at the right side of the
         wearer so that this upper part of the
          Breacan-an-fheilidh does not hang down too
         far past the wearer's waist.

         Otherwise, that corner and two more places on
         that selvage, toward the wearer's right shoulder
         are brought under the righr arm and then up to
         the top of the left shoulder in the front and
         then fastened to the upper selvage that has been
         brought up over the left shoulder from the back
         of the wearer.  This too, requires a large
         brooch or pin.  The fabric above the waist of
         the wearer then just hangs draped over the left
         shoulder of the wearer in the front and back.
         If you don't have a brooch or pin, just tie the
         pieces together in a knot on top of the left
         shoulder.

         A print by Raibeart (Robert [Bright-flame])
         Raonull (Rognvaldr [Ruler-of-the-gods]) MacIain,
         from 1845, shows someone in a Clann MacAmhlaidh
         Breacan-an-Feileadh and the great amount of fabric
         that hangs over the left shoulder (Urquhart, 1994,
         p. 7).

         Another print by MacIain from 1845, shows someone
         in a Clann Canonach Breacan-an-Feileadh and seems
         to indicate that a minimun amount of fabric was
         belted around the waist and the remaining fabric
         was brought up in the front of the wearer, from
         under the right arm, across the chest to the left
         shoulder, and then hung down in back.  (Urquhart,
         1994, p. 12).  Not a bad idea.

         In warm weather, the fabric hanging over the
         shoulder can be brought down from the shoulder
         with the front and back parts of the fabric still
         brooched together and then tucked under the belt
         on the wearer's left side.

         When wearing a Leine Croich or tunic, the
         Breacan-an-fheilidh could be folded
         length-wise, tied into a three foot loop, with
         each end hanging free for several feet and
         then slung up over one shoulder and diagonally
         encircling the upper torso of the wearer under
         the opposite arm with the free ends hanging
         down over the shoulder in the front and back of
         the wearer, bandolier fashion.  However, during
         the time when Leine Croich were commonly worn in
         the Highlands, a shaggy wool cape (brat) was
         usually worn over it and slept in instead, when
         out of doors.

         When you have a Breacan-an-Feileadh, wearing or
         carrying a modern Feileadh Beag (Kilt) with the
         pleats sewn in place, is a bit too much.  If you
         don't wear a knee-length tunic, then carry
         bandolier fashion, as seen in Rognvaldr
         MacIain's print, a thin linen, silk, and\or
         cotton plaid, about four feet wide by four feet
         long (the classical Feileadh Beag).  At night,
         pull the plaid up underneath the belt that was
         used to wear your Breacan-an-Feileadh and let
         the plaid hang down, folded in half, over the
         belt and around your thighs.  This will keep
         your thighs warm when sleeping underneath the
         Breacan-an-Feileadh in weather as cold as 0
         degrees Fahrenheit.

         Another print by MacIain from 1845 shows someone
         in a Clann Mac Ghille-Sheathanaich
         Breacan-an-feileadh wearing a separate plaid,
         bandolier fashion, over his Breacan-an-Feileadh,
         maybe to keep his thighs warm when sleeping.
         (Urquhart, 1994, pp. 19).
         
         --Logan (additions by:  Eochaidh MacDhalaigh
         --OghaChruithne) Page 117, FACLAIR GAIDHLIG GU
         --BEURLA LE DEALBHAN (THE ILLUSTRATED GAELIC -
         --ENGLISH DICTIONARY), Edward Dwelly, F.S.A.
         --(Scot.), F.S.G., 1994, Gairm Publications,
         --29 Waterloo Street, Glasgow G2 6HZ Scotland,
         --UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN
         --IRELAND, telephone number:  0141-221-1971

     4.  Feileadh Beag (the classical Kilt) or skirt, wool

         The Feileadh Beag was worn as early as the seventh
         century C.E. (Blackie, 1997, p. 11) and was just a
         narrow Breacan-an-fheilidh, about four feet in
         width and 12 to 18 feet long, when new.  It was
         worn the same as the Breacan-an-feileadh, except
         that the upper part was allowed to hang down over
         the belt all around on the outside.  When you
         have a modern Kilt with the pleats sewn in place,
         then wearing or carrying a Breacan-an-feileadh
         that's three times the wearer's height is a bit
         too much.  One that's two times the wearer's
         height would be good for two layers on top while
         sleeping.

         If you use a separate Breacan-an-fheilidh for a
         ground cloth, make sure that the edges of the
         Breacan-an-fheilidh that are on top of you, are
         laying on the ground beyond the edges of the
         Breacan-an-fheilidhthat is underneath you, so
         that the rainwater will flow onto the ground
         rather than onto theBreacan-an-fheilidhupon
         which you're sleeping.

         Cotton fabric is as warm as wool, maybe warmer, it
         it doesn't shrink, weighs less, and is less bulky.
         The same is true for linen.  But, it soaks up
         water in a rain or on wet ground and feels wet and
         clammy until dry, unlike wool.  Consider wearing
         cotton tartan Breacan-an-feileadh, Feileadh Beag,
         and\or tunics, along with a woven wool tartan brat
         (cape) that is 4 to 5 feet wide by 8 feet long for
         cover in rain or to lay on wet ground.

"In the latter part of January, 1850, Mr. Bartlett took advantage of the march of Colonel Craig, commanding the United States [(U.S.) Army] military escort of the Boundary Commission, to order Dr. Webb, Mr. Thurber and myself to the Copper Mines of Santa Rita [del Cobre in Grant county, New Mexico], as Colonel Craig had determined to make that place his head-quarters until the extended operations of the Commission should demand a more advanced post."

"We arrived at the Copper Mines, without further accident, one day in advance of our military escort, and had no sooner pitched our tent than we were visited by some eight or ten of the most villainous looking Ndaa' it is possible to conceive. Although the weather was exceedingly cold, with snow six inches deep on a level, and, in some places where it had drifted, as deep as three or four feet, the Indians were wholly nude, with exception of a diminutive breech cloth."

(Cremony, 1868, p. ?)

"Small children wore very little clothing in winter and none in summer. Women

      1.  Assanutliji
      2.  Esdzanadlehe
      3.  Isdzan
      4.  Isdzanhi
      5.  Isdzane
      6.  Istsanadlehe
      7.  Istun-e-glesh
      8.  Iszanyese

usually wore a primitive skirt, which consisted of a piece of cotton cloth fastened about the waist, and extending to the knees. Men wore breech cloths and moccasins. In winter they had shirts and leggings in addition."

"None of us were mounted and each warrior wore moccasins and also a cloth wrapped about his loins [and twisted once between their legs]. This cloth could be spread over him when he slept, and when on the march would be ample protection as clothing. In battle, if the fight was hard, we did not wish much clothing."

(Barrett, 1973, pp. 24, 25, and 50)

"One of them [In-ned-e Scouts] gave a low cry, half whisper. Instantly all were on the alert, and by some indefinable means, the news flashed through the column that two Chiricahuas had been sighted a short distance ahead in a side canon. Before I could write this down the scouts had stripped to the buff, placed their clothing in the rocks, and dispatched ten or twelve of their number in swift pursuit." (Bourke, 1958, p. 84)

The Scottish Highlanders used to take off their Breacan-an-feileadh before getting into a fight and many moons ago, when I was on the Standing Rock and Cheyenne River Indian Reservations, a Lakota Indian started taking off his shirt just before he almost got into a fight. Fortunately, the other guy did a lot of hiking and was a faster runner.

..."Clad in a buckskin hunting shirt belted in at the waist with a Navajo garter, leggings and moccasins of the same material, the only bit of finery about him [Chief (Nant'an and\or Nantan)] (Cochise)

     1.  Fire-wood
     2.  Strength
     3.  Neh-Deh-Ee-Chin
     4.  Cheis
     5.  Chizh
     6.  Oak
     7.  Pink Shirt

was a new and gaudy Nacai-Ye poncho, which was draped about him with a careless grace"... (Ball, 1980, p. 28. n. 7)

"At that time our people used only to wear shirts and dresses of buckskin. The Assanutliji dressed in buckskin also."

"In the old times when the [Brainless People] went to war... They wore a G-string that came down to about the middle of their thighs."

"When on the (To-Take-Death-From-an-Enemy) path, a [Ndaa'] man wore nothing but his moccasins, a G-string, and his headband."

(Basso, 1993, pp. 77, 257 and 261)

"Our [In-net-e] scouts got mad, and said they would take to the mountains before they would go with the Naid-Ye'e, whom they could not trust. They jumped up and began to strip for a fight, shaking their guns and calling the Naid-Lehi names."

"They[, the In-deh Scouts] began to fix themselves in the rocks and to strip off all their clothes, as they always do for a fight."

"In the light of the events of the day following - when Lieutenant Marion Maus was detained by force in the Nacai-Ye camp, and was only allowed to return [to his own camp] when his [Ndee] scouts began to strip for action, and upon his word of honor that he would send them [the Naid-Ye'e] six of his eleven pack mules - the conclusion reached by Lieut. Maus, that the Naid-Lehi kenw whom they were attacking, is almost incontrovertible."

(Thrapp, 1979, pp. 169, 183, and 195)

      5.  Laces, 72 inch long boot, with which to tie down
          the tarp, through the grommets

      6.  Laundry bags, green

      7.  Laundry detergent

      8.  6-Volt flash-light for reading.

      9.  6-Volt flash-light batteries-many.

     10.  Food - one month

          b.  Based upon 100 grams of protein a day.

          l.  Bread.

                 I.  53 grams protein \ pound.
                II.  3 1/3 grams protein \ ounce.
               III.  .12 grams protein \ gram.
                IV.  30 3/4 ounce (2 pounds) \ day.
                 V.  2,000 calories \ day.
                VI.  79 3/4 grams protein \ loaf.

          f.  Sardines, Water.

                 I.  84 3/4 grams protein \ pound.
                II.  5 1/4 grams protein \ ounce.
               III.  .19 grams protein \ gram.
                IV.  1 1/4 pounds \ day.
                 V.  1,056 calories \ day.
                VI.  18 grams protein \ can.

          s.  Tuna, Oil Light.

                 I.  104 grams protein \ pound.
                II.  6 1/2 grams protein \ ounce.
               III.  .23 grams protein \ gram.
                IV.  15 1/2 ounce \ day.
                 V.  847 calories \ day.
                VI.  32 1/2 grams protein \ can.

          n.  Tuna, Water Light.

                 I.  104 grams protein \ pound.
                II.  6 1/2 grams protein \ ounce.
               III.  .23 grams protein \ gram.
                IV.  15 1/2 ounce \ day.
                 V.  462 calories \ day.
                VI.  32 1/2 grams protein \ can.

          h.  Chili No Beans Turkey.

                 I.  44 3/4 grams protein \ pound.
                II.  2 3/4 grams protein \ ounce.
               III.  .1 gram protein \ gram.
                IV.  35 1/4 ounces (2 1/4 pounds) \ day.
                 V.  792 calories \ day.
                VI.  48 grams protein \ can.

          d.  Milk, Dry Fat Free.

                 I.  160 grams protein \  pound (WITH-OUT
                     adding water).

                II.  10 grams protein \ fluid (WITH-OUT
                     adding water).

               III.  .35 grams protein \ gram (WITH-OUT
                     adding water).

                IV.  10 ounces \ day (WITH-OUT adding
                     water).

                 V.  1,000 calories \ day.

                VI.  256 grams protein \ box .

          t.  Milk, Evaporated Fat Free.

                 I.  16 grams protein \ cup (WITH-OUT
                     adding water).

                II.  2 grams protein \ fluid ounce
                     (WITH-OUT adding water).

               III.  .06 grams protein \ milli-litir
                     (WITH-OUT adding water).

                IV.  6 1/4 cups \ day (WITH-OUT adding
                     water).

                 V.  1,250 calories \ day.

                VI.  24 grams protein \ can.

          c.  Peanuts, shelled.

                 I.  129 3/4 grams protein \ pound.
                II.  8 grams protein \ ounce.
               III.  .29 grams protein \ gram.
                IV.  12 1/2 ounces \ day.
                 V.  2,000 calories \ day.
                VI.  303 3/4 grams protein \ can.

          q.  Peanut Butter.

                 I.  112 grams protein \ pound.
                II.  7 grams protein \ ounce.
               III.  .25 grams protein \ gram.
                IV.  14 1/3 ounces \ day.
                 V.  2,375 calories \ day.
                VI.  128 3/4 grams protein \ jar.

          m.  Minerals:  Nature's Life
              Vegetarian Mega Minerals.

                I.  Two tablets every day.
               II.  Calcium - 1,000 miligrams every day.
              III.  Iron - 15 miligrams every day.
               IV.  Potassium - 100 miligrams every day.
                V.  Other minerals.
               VI.  $14.00

          g.  Vitamins.

                I.  Solaray Super Bio-Plex
                    Vitamin C and Bioflavonoids.

                    B.  Two capsules as often as
                        every two hours.

                    L.  Vitamin C - 500 miligrams
                        as often as every two hours.

                    F.  Bioflavonoids - 500
                        miligrams as often as every
                        two hours.

                    S.  $17.00

               II.  Spring Valley Natural B-100.

                    B.  One tablet every day.

                    L.  Folate (as Folic Acid) -
                        400 micrograms every day.

                    F.  Other B complex vitamins.

                    S.  $28.00

              III.  Spring Valley
                    Natural Vitamin E 400 International
                    Units d-alpha (NOT acetate).

                    B.  Three softgels (capsules)
                        every day.

                    L.  Vitamin E (as d-alpha
                        tocopherol NOT acetate)
                        - 1,200 International Units
                        every day.

                    F.  $27.00

              Cayol's Natural Foods
              Lower Level, La Salle Court
              811 La Salle Avenue
              Minneapolis, MN  55402-2031
              UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

              Telephone Numbers:  1-612-339-2828
                                  1-800-658-4804

              Check for current prices.
              Shipping:  $5.00

              Cayol sells its own brand and other brands
              that may not be listed above

According to Lieutenant Hiroo Onoda (1999, p. ?), you can eat fresh meat, broiled or stewed, for three days after killing an animal. Starting on the fourth day, meat can be boiled once every 1 1/2 days to two days, after that, to keep it from from spoiling, for up to ten days after the kill. The rest of the meat should be dried during the first few days after the kill.

"The Esdzanadlehe put up food for the men to take along with them on the way - dried meat and seeds."

"On that same day they distributed all the food they had among the men were who going [on the "To-Take-Death-From-an-Enemy]." They gave them all mescal, ground seeds and corn so that no one was left out."

"When they had everything finished - each man for himself - then they made up their packs with the rawhide and buckskin and mescal and dry seeds."

"On the (To-Take-Death-From-an-Enemy) path, when we [the (Brainless People)] started out, we always got food ready to take along. We used to pack mescal on our backs, also buckskin sacks filled with ground corn. They used to pound the fruit of prickly pear up into dry cakes and let it harden for us to take along. These cakes were about eight inches in diameter. Also we had ground berries in buckskin sacks. Whenever we stopped to camp we would mix these berries with mescal and water and eat it."

(Basso, 1993, pp. 76, 250, 256 and 257)

"Each warrior carried three days' rations, but as we often killed game while on the march, we seldom were without food."

"We left our families with the tribe and went on the warpath. We were on foot and carried three days' rations."

(Barrett, 1973, pp. 50 and 55)

     11.  Shirt, cotton long sleeved

     12.  Jacket, warmest goose down insulated winter

     13.  Scouring pad\sponge

     14.  Scouring pad, stainless steel

     15.  Duct tape

     16.  Dishes, large metal dog - 2

     17.  Dishes, small metal dog - 2

     18.  Dish, large microwavable

     19.  Dish, small microwavable

     20.  Tarp, green polyethylene reinforced with heavy nylon
          threads and having grommets or a tent, for cover from
          the sun and rain for your dogs

                              or

     20.  Tarp, green polyurethane coated 3.9 ounce nylon with
          grommets or a tent, for cover from the sun and rain
          for your dogs

     21.  Rope (NOT nylon), 21 foot long by 1 / 4 inch diameter
          for stringing between two trees and laying the tarp
          over

     22.  Fire Ant killer pellets

     23.  Insect Repellent, Off Deep Woods Sportsman

     24.  Pail, 8 quart metal

     25.  Water jugs, gallon or three liter - 4

When driving on US Forest Service Primitive Dirt, Gravel, and\or Unimproved Roads, never shift higher than third gear and never drive faster than 35 miles an hour, even on level straight-a-ways. Also, slow down before driving over cattle-guards, in order to prevent your tires from blowing out on the raised metal edges of the cattle-guards that abut the roads. Even if you don't take cattle-guards at 70 miles an hour, rough roads take their toll on tires.

     26.  Spare tire on its own rim (wheel)

     27.  Compressed air to inflate flat tires

     28.  Empty sand-bags

     29.  Shovel

     30.  20 foot long car tow chains or straps

     31.  Spare car battery

     32.  Electric car starter

     33.  Car battery jumper cables

     34.  tire chains (almost as good as 4-wheel
          drive)

     35.  Empty emergency gasoline containers
          (walking 45 miles to the nearest
          service station is better than
          risking a fire with a container
          full of gasoline in a car accident).

Dogs

It can't be stressed enough that you should bring plenty of water with you for your dogs when you hike. Two dogs require that you carry in your back pack, six liters of water for a hike. When you start hiking, they haven't anticipated needing to drink water for the hike. So, give them their fill of water after walking about a mile. They should eat the same canned meats and meat products that you do when on a hike. Dry dog food that lists meat or a meat product as the first ingredient or has a protein content of around 27% should be left out at your camp for your dogs to eat whenever they want. Cat food that lists meat or a meat product as the first ingredient can also be used and is higher in protein (40%). However, my dogs really don't like dog or cat food, dry or canned, so I have to feed them mostly the same meat and meat products that I eat, at camp. That's better than the other way around, don't you agree?

Jerky (dried meat) has a protein content of about 40%. It's the best source of protein to carry. However, it's very expensive and as the historical information above shows, on long hikes, people also need high energy foods with lots of carbohydrates. Dry cat food that lists meat or meat products as the first ingredient and has a protein content of 40%, unlike jerky, has carbohydrates. It doesn't taste bad either and if that's all there is, your dogs will eat it, too. However, it can be mixed with dry dog food that has a protein content of 27% and lists beef as a first ingredient. The resulting mix of half and half would have a protein content of about 33%.

Fresh beef has a protein content of about 15% and venison (deer meat), about 17%. So, a mixture of dry dog food that has a protein content of 18% and lists beef as the first ingredient with an equal amount of dry cat food that has a protein content of 40%, would result in a mixture of 29% protein. Not as much as jerky, but more than fresh meat. Also, dogs will like the taste. By the way, pemmican, which is powdered, pulverized, or ground jerky mixed with an equal amount of animal fat (lard) and a small amount of berries for taste, has a little less protein (20%) and about the same fat content, as peanut butter, which is about 28% protein and 56% fat. Furthermore, peanut butter has a healthier type of fat, and is much easier in every way. Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches taste a lot better than pulverized jerky, lard, and berry sandwiches.

Two medium sized dogs (about 50 pounds each) will keep coyotes , which now run in packs, out of your camp at night. If the dogs don't split up, they won't be killed. Coyotes are known to use a female coyote in heat, to lure a male dog into the bush in order to kill him.

In mountain lion country, I feel very uncomfortable with less than three medium sized dogs, especially at night, which belongs to the lions. However, the experts have told me that mountain lions avoid people and there's almost no danger from them when hiking or camping with dogs. During daylight, whenever your dogs might be in danger from wildlife or other campers's dogs, you must call them and run to them. Running to them will scare off wolves, coyotes, mountain lions, and other campers' dogs, even if your dogs are surrounded by a pack. During daylight, you're a necessary part of their team. Also, always bring your dogs' collars and leashes on every hike. At night, they're on their own.

Sometimes in cattle country, your dogs will attack a calf that is too far away from its mother or herd. In those cases, you have to run to the calf and pull off your dogs. Large dogs, heavier than 50 pounds will probably fatally injure some calves before you get to them. Therefore, in cattle country, smaller dogs are probably better. But, with smaller dogs, you have to be much more protective, yet still let them run unleashed.

When you're on a road and a motor vehicle approaches from either in front or back of you, run off the road with your dogs for about 50 feet and then hold your dogs until the vehicle passes. The driver could be under the influence of drugs or alcohol and hit you and\or your dogs. There also might be dogs in the vehicle that could jump out and attack you and your dogs. Furthermore, your dogs might run toward the vehicle for any number of reasons and consequently, be injured or killed. Also, in some areas, people might be involved in criminal activity and try to scare you away by killing your dogs or attacking you. If you want to make friends go on the Internet.

Rattlesnakes are a problem in the desert that your dogs will come across. I recommend having a veterinarian give your dogs the three anti- rattlesnake vacination shots, spaced a month apart, before taking them into the desert . If your dogs are bitten by rattlesnakes, slowly walk them back to your camp and then let them lay around camp for two or three days. They probably won't die. The only other animal that has given my dogs some problems is the Pecarry ( Javelina ). One of my dogs is an Australian healer that has been bred to run to other animals without barking. Running up to a javelina or mountain lion in the dark is not a good idea. After being gored by a javelina the first time, your dog will probably learn to not get close enough to be bitten by any that are bigger than it.

During the summer, from the beginning of June until the end of September, when the temperatures in the desert are in the upper 80 degrees Fahrenheit or hotter, dogs must rest in the shade for the eight hours between 11:00 a.m and 7:00 p.m. If you're at a water hole where the dogs can immerse themselves, for example, in a cattle trough, then they can play in that area. But don't walk them more than about a mile and a half, to a water hole during those eight hours. The heat can kill or permanantly injure them no matter how much water they drink.

     "Several factors made [10:30 p.m. of the evening of]
     the 30th [of September, 1881] an "acceptable" day for
     the Chiricahuas to leave the [San Carlos] reservation.
     They had received their weekly allowance of rations
     earlier that day [fulfilling treaty obligations can be
     almost as dangerous as watering gremlins]; the
     half-moon gave them some visibility for their
     nighttime break out; and it appeared that the terrible
     rains that had plagued the area since July were over.
     The temperatures were much lower than the extremes
     that had been reached during the summer; the daytime
     highs were in the lower 90's [degrees Fahrenheit],
     with nighttime lows in the lower 60's.  The weather
     fitted the travelling patterns they tried to establish
     during their race to the border -- which was to travel
     from about midnight until noon and then to rest during
     the afternoons and evenings."  (Collins, 1994, p. 41)

Ball, Eve, with Henn, Nora and Sanchez, AN APACHE ODYSSEY,

     Brigham Young University Press:  Provo, Utah, United

     States of America

Basso, Keith H. with the assistance of E. W. Jernigan and W. B.

     Kessel, WESTERN APACHE RAIDING AND WARFARE:  FROM THE

     NOTES OF GRENVILLE GOODWIN, 1996, The University of Arizona

     Press:  Tucson, Arizona, United States of America

Barrett, S. M., GERONIMO'S STORY OF HIS LIFE, 1973, Corner House

     Publishers:  Williamstown, Massachusetts, United States of

     America

Bourke, John, G., AN APACHE CAMPAIGN IN THE SIERRA MADRE:  AN

     ACCOUNT OF THE EXPEDITION IN PURSUIT OF THE HOSTILE

     CHIRICAHUA APACHES IN THE SPRING OF 1883, 1958, Charles

     Scribner's Sons:  New York, United States of America

Hartley, Ellen and Hartley, William, OSCEOLA:  THE UNCONQUERED

     INDIAN, 1973, ?

Thrapp, Dan L., DATELINE FORT BOWIE:  CHARLES FLETCHER

     LUMMIS REPORTS ON AN APACHE WAR, 1979, University of

     Oklahoma Press:  Norman, Oklahoma, United States of

     America

Cremony, John C., LIFE AMONG THE APACHES, 1868, Digital

     Scanning, Incorporated:  ?

Collins, Charles, THE GREAT ESCAPE:  THE APACHE OUTBREAK OF

     1881, 1994, Westernlore Press, Tucson, Arizona, United

     States of America

Onoda, Hiroo, NO SURRENDER:  MY THIRTY-YEAR WAR, 1999, ?